Explanatory Notes 9981

9981 Research and development services

99811 Research and experimental development services in natural sciences and engineering

998111 Research and experimental development services in natural sciences

This service code includes basic and applied research services in natural sciences, experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application of use in view and experimental development services involving systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience, that is directed

i. to producing new materials, products, and devices; to installing new processes, systems and services; or
ii. to improving substantially those already produced or installed in physical sciences related to heat, light, electromagnetism, astronomy, etc;
iii. in chemistry and biology related to catalyses, fermentation, physiology and biology of animals and plants, micro-organisms, etc;
iv. in biotechnology related to knowledge requiring one or more of the techniques: DNA/RNA like genomics, pharmacogenomics, gene probes, genetic engineering, DNA/RNA sequencing/synthesis/amplification, gene expression profiling, and the use of antisense technology; proteins and other molecules like sequencing/synthesis/engineering of proteins and peptides (including large molecule hormones); proteomics, protein isolation and purification, signaling, identification of cell receptors;
v. cell and tissue culture and engineering like cell/tissue culture, tissue engineering (including disuse scaffolds and biomedical engineering), cellular fusion, vaccine/immune stimulants, embryo manipulation process biotechnology techniques like bioreactor fermentation, bioprocessing, bioleaching, biopulping, biosulphurization, bioremediation, biofiltration, and phytoremediation;
vi. gene and RNA vectors likegene therapy, viral vectors;
vii. bioinformatics; nanobiotechnology

998112 Research and experimental development services in engineering and technology

This service code includes basic and applied research services and experimental development services related to science and technology for casting, metal, machinery, electricity, communications, vessels, aircraft, civil engineering, construction, information, etc.

998113 Research and experimental development services in medical sciences and pharmacy

This service code includes basic and applied research services and experimental development services related to treatment of diseases, preventive hygiene, pharmacy, etc.

998114 Research and experimental development services in agricultural sciences

This service code includes basic and applied research services and experimental development services related to agricultural techniques, fruit culture, forestry, stock breeding, fisheries, etc.

99812 Research and experimental development services in social sciences and humanities

998121 Research and experimental development services in social sciences

This service code includes basic and applied research services and experimental development services in social sciences and humanities, experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application of use in view and experimental development services involving systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience, that is directed to producing new materials, products, and devices; to installing new processes, systems and services; or to improving substantially those already produced or installed in areas like psychology, theories of economies, business management, finance, public law, civil law, political sciences, other social sciences etc.

This service code does not include:

- market research services, cf. 998370

998122 Research and experimental development services in humanities

This service code includes basic and applied research services and experimental development services in social sciences and humanities, experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundations of phenomena and observable facts, without any particular application of use in view and experimental development services involving systematic work, drawing on knowledge gained from research and practical experience, that is directed to producing new materials, products, and devices; to installing new processes, systems and services; or to improving substantially those already produced or installed in areas like ancient and modern languages and literature, social and cultural anthropology, demography, geography (human, economic and social), linguistics, history, philosophy, arts, religion, theology, etc.

99813 Interdisciplinary research services

998131 Interdisciplinary research and experimental development services

This service code includes basic and applied research services and experimental development services related to both natural sciences/engineering and social sciences/humanities

99814 Research and development originals

Note: The creation of these original works is done on own account, i.e. their production is intended for sale that is undertaken without a contract or known buyer

998141 Research and development originals in pharmaceuticals

This service code includes scientific originals, i.e. ideas, plans, blueprints, formulas for inventions, products and processes, which can be protected and licensed as industrial property, trade secrets, patents, etc. related to pharmaceuticals

998142 Research and development originals in agriculture

998143 Research and development originals in biotechnology

998144 Research and development originals in computer related services

998145 Research and development originals in other fields n.e.c.